Tallia F, Russo L, Li S, Orrin ALH, Shi X, Chen S, Steele JAM, Meille S, Chevalier J, Lee PD, Stevens MM, Cipolla L, Jones JR (2018) Bouncing and 3D printable hybrids with self-healing properties. Silvestri B, Pezzella A, Luciani G, Costantini A, Tescione F, Branda F (2012) Heparin conjugated silica nanoparticle synthesis. Wang X, Li W (2016) Biodegradable mesoporous bioactive glass nanospheres for drug delivery and bone tissue regeneration. Vecchione R, Luciani G, Calcagno V, Jakhmola A, Silvestri B, Guarnieri D, Belli V, Costantini A, Netti PA (2016) Multilayered silica-biopolymer nanocapsules with a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic tunable shell thickness. Romero-Sánchez LB, Marí-Beffa M, Carrillo P, Medina MÁ, Díaz-Cuenca A (2018) Copper-containing mesoporous bioactive glass promotes angiogenesis in an in vivo zebrafish model. Miguez-Pacheco V, Hench LL, Boccaccini AR (2015) Bioactive glasses beyond bone and teeth: emerging applications in contact with soft tissues. Yu B, Turdean-Ionescu Ca, Martin Ra, Newport RJ, Hanna JV, Smith ME, Jones JR (2012) Effect of calcium source on structure and properties of sol–gel derived bioactive glasses. Maçon ALB, Lee S, Poologasundarampillai G, Kasuga T, Jones JR (2017) Synthesis and dissolution behaviour of CaO/SrO-containing sol–gel-derived 58S glasses. Jones JR (2013) Review of bioactive glass: from hench to hybrids. Hench LL, Splinter RJ, Allen WC, Greenlee TK (1971) Bonding mechanisms at the interface of ceramic prosthetic materials. Therefore, this study showed that Co incorporation and the proper selection of the precursor could affect the final material structure, and properties, and should be considered when designing new bioactive glass compositions for tissue engineering applications. Evidence of HCA layer formation after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) was still found when different precursors were used, although the rate of formation was reduced by the presence of Co. The presence of a crystalline phase decreased the surface area and pore volume of the final glass, consequently reducing the Co-release rate. When the chloride salt was used as Co precursor, evidence of crystalline cobalt (II, III) oxide (Co 3O 4) phase formation was found, along with the presence of Co 3+ species as evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), whereas an amorphous glass containing mainly Co 2+ species was obtained when the nitrate salt was the Co source. The effect of using different Co precursors on the sol–gel synthesis and in the obtained bioactive glass structure, chemical composition, morphology, dissolution behaviour, hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA) layer formation was investigated. Here Co-releasing bioactive glasses were obtained through the sol–gel method, comparing cobalt nitrate and cobalt chloride as precursors. Cobalt (Co) is a potential therapeutic ion used to enhance angiogenesis through a stabilizing effect on hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), and its incorporation into the structure of bioactive glass is a promising strategy to enable sustained local delivery of Co to a wound site or bone defect.
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